ELC501 STUDIES

 Chapter 6 : Deductive reasoning, Inductive Reasoning and Assumptions in arguments. 1. Argument - an argument consists of statements which form the premise (or premises) and a conclusion.  Premise indicators : Conclusion indicators : 2. Reasoning - there's two main types of reasonings (deductive and inductive) Deductive - the arguments starts from a general statement or rule (conclusion or claim), followed by the premises on which it is based. Inductive - starts with specific observation and then followed by general conclusions. 3. Assumptions- the information that is not stated or is presupposed by the author in the argument. Assumptions can also be either accurate or inaccurate, logical or illogical, and justified or unjustified. the missing or presupposed information in an arguments. 4. Inference - a conclusion made based on given information. Inference and assumptions can be either accurate or inaccurate, logical or illogical, and justified or unjustified. ✅ SUMMARY O...

 Chapter 5 Inference   A logical conclusion that is made based on observation or assumed facts. When readers make an inference, they try to understand what the text is all about by using clues from the text and also from their prior knowledge, personal belief, experiences and assumptions. Readers find clues in the form of facts or other supporting details to infer from in the reading text. Drawing conclusions A conclusion is drawn as the next step after giving thoughtful consideration to what has been read. When drawing conclusion, readers go beyond the literal meaning of the text to derive interpretive meanings, but at the same time rely on the facts put forward by the author. Readers should also be aware that inferences and conclusions may not be present in each paragraph. ✅ SUMMARY  - Making inferences and drawing conclusions are very similar skills. Each skill requires the readers to fill in the gaps (of information) omitted by the author. - The readers have to observ...

 Chapter 4  Types of Supporting Details 1. Examples - an instance of something .  Used to explain the topic sentence or the main idea of the paragraph more effectively  can be brief or elaborate. 2. Illustrations - specific and detailed examples. Used to explain general statements  add interest, vigour and power to your writing help express ourselves more vividly and precisely introduced in the paragraph using the following transitional expressions : "for example", "for instance", "an illustration of this" and "a case in point is" 3. Definition - gives the explanation of a term, an idea or a concept. - This can be done by : comparing with other similar subjects focusing on the key differences between them and your subject providing examples in defining an abstract concept 4. Statistics - refers to data, information, facts, figures, numbers and details. statistic involve - collection, classification, analysis, interpretation and inferences a s...

 Chapter 3 1. Topic   the definition : the general subject of a reading passage or text. It is usually written using a word, phrase or name in each paragraph. - Identifying the topic helps readers to understand what the paragraph is all about. - After identifying the topic, readers should be able to locate the author's main idea in each paragraph of the text. 2. Stated Main idea the meaning : the most important point of the topic, while the implied main idea is not clearly or directly stated in any one sentence in the paragraph.  - After the topic of a paragraph has been identified, readers are now ready to locate the stated main idea. The stated main idea is a complete sentence that describes the author's overall purpose for writing the paragraph.  3. Implied Main idea Implied main idea is not clearly or directly stated in any one sentence in a paragraph. As discussed earlier, it is only suggested or inferred by the author.  - Readers have to read the entire pa...

 Chapter 2 : Strategies to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words Vocabulary strategies allow learners to use multiple ways and sources to determine the meaning of words.  The strategies : a) Contextual analysis b) Word structural analysis A) Contextual Analysis - Requires students to infer the meaning of the words by closely examining the surrounding text. - When reading, readers may not be able to understand every word found in a particular text. Thus, readers depend on context clues to facilitate their comprehension.  - Context clues = clues or hints found within a sentence, paragraph or passage which can assist the readers in understanding the meaning of unfamiliar words.  - Contextual analysis helps the readers to make an intelligent guess. 1. Example clues - consists of examples given by the author to explain the meaning of unfamiliar words " for example ", " for instance ", " such as " and " like " 2. Contrast clues - opposite meani...

CHAPTER 1   Skimming ? - A method of rapidly moving the eyes over text with the purpose of getting only the main ideas and a general overview of the contents.  Scanning ? - Rapidly covers a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information. skimming and scanning are very helpful strategies to help readers formulate the main idea of the text. We find important information and we formulate our own main idea about the text. This will help us understand the text better! If we know how and when to skim and scan, we can definitely understand the text or the situation better.